Selling organs on the black market - 1081 Words

Selling Organs on the Black Market Every teenager wants to own the newest iPhone or iPad but to save up for those working at the local McDonald’s it would take some time. But in China, you can get it just by selling a kidney. In face according to a BBC news article dated April 6, 2012 five people were arrested for convincing a teenager to sell his kidney in an online chat room for the equivalent of $3,000. The teenager is now suffering from kidney failure, and just for a couple of new toys. The New York Times states on June 29, 2012 that only 10% of the global needs for organ transplantation are being met. The UK Telegraph of May 28, 2012 states that experts are saying that a rise in diabetes and other diseases has led to the†¦show more content†¦There is only one country that allows the legal buying and selling of organs, Iran allows people to sell and buy kidneys under the state regulated surveillance of two non-profit organizations but Iranians are not allowe d to sell kidneys to non-citizens. Now that we have discussed both the problems and the causes of the black market organ trade, let’s focus on two possible solutions we could implement. First we well discuss a possible opt out policy, and then we will look at enforcing and implementing laws. Let’s begin with a possible solution is to activate an opt out policy in each state. Richard Brodsky wants to change the way the New York organ donation system works. He believes that this system could help increase organ and tissue donations. The proposal would require that people be automatically added to the state donor registry unless they opt out when they get a driver’s licenses or state identification card. Richard says his bill has sparked a lot of interest but that he knows both individuals and religious groups have raised concerns. Mary baily a member of the Hastings Center, stated that it’s easy to see this would not go over well with Americans at a t ime when many are pushing against government control on a variety of other issues. UCLA professor and medical doctor, Gabriel Danovitch testified before the U.S. House of Foreign Affairs in 2012 that there are several things the U.S. government can do. He begins by stating that the National organShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Medical Controversy1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe argument regarding the selling of organs on the black market has been an ethical and medical controversy for decades. The problems that exists ethically is to be believed that putting a price on a human organ is materialistic, people may go to extremes to donate a kidney, and the fear of the spread of infections or diseases. Although the fears are natural, mostly because people have always associated the black market with a negative connotation, the ethical fears out-weigh the idea that donatingRead MoreOrgan Selling And An Elderly Man Sits Patiently1531 Words   |  7 PagesOrgan Selling Peering into the window of Da Vita dialysis, an elderly man sits patiently. His patience is not from the fact that he has no place to go afterwards; his schedule was clear. His patience came from the fact that he can bare the wait in the room, because he knows down the hall the nurse will be re-puncturing his forearm to administer the hemodialysis. It was his third time coming in this week, which meant he wouldn t be back until next week. Of course, when he looks at the bruising onRead MorePros and Cons for Paying Organ Donors1534 Words   |  6 Pagesdonations, compared to other organs donations, is that each person is born with two and can sustain a healthy life with just one; simple facts such as this is what has driven the black market kidney trade to flourish. (CBSNEWS) However, if this is the case then why aren’t more people donating? Is it because they are not getting something in return? Why donate for free when someone on the black market will pay 10,000 dollars? The main arguments against black market organ donations, not limited toRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Organs1564 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking Human Organs The trafficking of human organs is on the rise and black market operations are happening under everyone’s nose. Currently there are more than 120,000 people who are on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ. Among these people waiting for their transplant approximately twenty-five people will die each day waiting for their number to come up (Perry, 2016). According to the World Health Organization there is only about ten percent of organ transplants being met through theRead MoreFinancial Incentives on Organ Donation1582 Words   |  7 PagesMore than 100,000 men, women and children in need of life-saving organ transplants, every 10 minutes another person is added to the national organ transplant waiting list and averages of 18 people die each day from the lack of available organs. (donatelife.net) Organ transplants are very important because they replace the damaged organ and help the body function once again. There are still huge shortages of organs, even after awareness and other ways of educating the public. Some Americans are openRead MoreEssay on Organ Donation1638 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent process of procuring organs for transplantation. It will also explore technology on the horizon and alternates to donation. The waiting list for transplant surgery far exceeds the current supply. Black Market organ trade in this, as well in foreign countries is alive and well. Donation is not able to keep up with demand. We have to take measures to ensure those in the most need are taken care of. We already allow people to sell eggs, sperm and blood why not other organs? I will attempt to showRead MoreThe Problem Of Organ Donation1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves dying with the decrease of organ donates. Randy Creech finds himself in need of new heart but has been place on long waiting list. Randy has been waiting for months just waiting to found a match but like many others they find themselves dying before getting their match. There been talk betwe en doctors on should them be compensation for organ donates but what would the price be. Should Randy be able to go buy heart from a different country or black market to keep himself alive. So the questionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Organ Donation1371 Words   |  6 PagesOrgans found on the black market are often taken from the body of an unwilling victim. People going about their business abducted and violated to make some extra cash, which could be obtained legally if compensation for donors were legal. In 2005, about one thousand two hundred people died waiting for a kidney transplant, something that could have been prevented if only there wasn’t an organ shortage. The shortage of organs can be tied to the financial devastation that organ donors often succumbRead MoreIllegal Sale Of Human Organs1031 Words   |  5 PagesSale of human organs have been illegal in the U.S. since the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 was established, but illegal sale of organs still ex ist on the black market. The black market is where desperate wealthy people can make contact with unscrupulous greedy criminals to secure themselves a kidney or any other type of human organ they may need. The idea that a person’s organ can be purchased online or through a dealer like a car is unethical and objectionable. Potential causes for the thrivingRead MoreSale Of Organs And Its Effects On Society1417 Words   |  6 PagesSale of Organs An organ is a body tissue that helps in the general operation of the body. Selling organs is legally and morally wrong. However, some people still do that. Therefore, I believe that The law should ban people from selling their organs because each person was born with their organs. It is like property that the person should take care of. Also, organs buyers usually take advantage of the poor and weak people. I am against selling organs by all means for a number of reasons such as, the

The First Wave Of Feminism - 1230 Words

This may seem conflicting with the whole baby boom phenomenon, and although the boom of children born after World War II did occur, the divorces still occurred after the rush of a rash marriage had passed and women’s husbands had returned from war alive. An important component of the historical timeline is the change in the role of women in society. Women had experienced change during the first wave of feminism and gained suffrage, but during the second wave feminism women experienced a change that greatly altered their lives and consequently, the relationships they shared with others. The first wave of feminism was concerned about suffrage and establish rights as people and equality in regards to property law (The Famous Five and the†¦show more content†¦Statistics Canada). These changes in legislature aids those who would have had difficulties in obtaining a divorce otherwise. Women are no longer forced to stay in a marriage in order to be financially stable because they are able to support themselves. Therefore, when problems in the marriage arise, divorce as a solution increases in likelihood because there is no incentive to remain in the marriage if one is unhappy, unwilling to be further committed in the relationship, and if ending the relationship would not affect financial stability. There are many factors that can contribute to divorce; however, factors that affect the amount of marriages that occur also directly affect the amount of divorce. The liberation of women and their breakthrough into the workforce not only changed history and the rate of marriages in the first place, but this also changed the way society defines a â€Å"typical family† and specifically the way women are viewed within the typical family. Prior to the second wave of feminism, women were expected to be housewives; women were expected to take care of their children, cook meals, and clean the house. Starting in the 1960’s, however, women would opt to obtain jobs as well as keep their current responsibilities as a housewife. For some women, they would trade their family entirely for their careers. It is not a coincidence that divorce reached an ultimate high

Strategy to Lower the Consumption of Junk Food in Australia

Question: Discuss about theStrategy to Lower the Consumption of Junk Food in Australia. Answer: Introduction A good food has to be tastier yet healthier. Our intake of food should promote health rather than deteriorating it. Nowadays the younger generation lands up various health issues due to the intake of junk foods which is so addictive. It is a food that is cheap with high caloriesfromsugarorfatand poorfiber,protein,vitaminsorminerals (Marriam, 2015). Though it is our trend to take junk foods, it risks our life by leading to overweight, obesity,heart disease,diabetes mellitus, altering brain activity and chronic illnesses. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009), only 6% of adults consume healthier food. This discussion covers various strategies to lower the consumption of junk food in Australia. As a group nominated by The Ministry of health, we found few strategies to overcome this issue. This includes reformulating the diet by changing from high to low saturated fat and calories. Substituting the regular snacks with high fiber and protein rich snacks and replacing with core foods. Restricting the junk foods intake and increasing low-density foods which were given in 2016 by medical news bulletin. com. It was published in Science daily (2016) that the regular diet should be supplemented with fruit and fresh juices. The awareness should be created among people by educating them about the ill effects of junk food and methods to take tastier yet healthy foods. The sale of junk foods in schools and hospitals should be banned. The tax should be imposed on sale of packaged foods with unhealthy concentrations, refined sugar, and unhealthy food (Grieger, 2016). Advertisement on junk foods should be restricted to reduce its intake among children. The sponsorships with unhealthy brands should be avoided in sports. The parents should avoid purchase of unhealthy foods. Increasing the cost of junk foods and lowering the cost of nutritious foods as supported by French et al (2004). The expansion of these food outlets should be restricted. These strategies should be followed effectively to lower the consumption of junk foods and thereby reducing the health risks. This policy might affect the external stakeholders as suppliers, owners and investors in sales of junk foods adversely and can lead to heavy loss in their business. It might affect the internal stakeholders such as employees and laborers in junk food sales and leave them with no job. This policy might affect the economy of the stakeholders involved in the sales of junk foods. References Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Health Survey.Summary of Results 2007-2008.Canberra: ABS; 2009. Grieger, A. Discrete strategies to reduce intake of discretionary food choices: a scoping review: International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 13(57). DOI:10.1186/s12966-016-0380-z Medical News. Researchers Have Compiled Strategies that May Reduce Discretionary choices. 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://www.medicalnewsbulletin.com/researchers-compiled-strategies-may-reduce-discretionary-junk-food-choices-may-10-2016/ Merriam Webster. Junk Food / Definition of Junk Food by Merriam-Webster. 2015. Retrieved fromwww.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/junk%20food Science daily. Reducing consumption of discretionary (unhealthy) foods and replacing them with core foods. 2016. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160912193003.htm

William ZinnserS Simplicity Essays - English Grammar, Shall And Will

William Zinnser'S ?Simplicity? In William Zinnser's essay ?Simplicity? he states that ?clear thinking becomes clear writing; one can't exist without the other.? He believes that people speak more complexly then they have to and that the key to good writing and speaking is simplicity. In his argument he goes on to say that often writers are not careful enough. They know what they are trying to say but do not know how to put it down on paper. They assume that the reader will understand what they are thinking even though their writing is not obvious to others. He does make several suggestions for improvement. Very easily one could make their writing easier to understand by simple corrections. Zinnser believes that too often people speak in a manner that is complicated. He states ?our national tendency is to inflate and therefore sound important.? Most of the things said are just a bunch of jargon that sounds good. People say things that even they barely understand themselves. They believe that if something is done simply then it is not as good. With bigger words and longer sentences one would assume this sounds better, when in reality a simpler sentence would be more preferred by most. Bigger is not always necessarily better. Often in their writing, writers make assumptions and they are careless. They assume that whatever they write will be understood by others. Sometimes, however, what they write may be totally different from what they actually mean to say. If one can not think clearly, how could they possibly write in a clear, concise way? If you do not write something clearly, chances are your reader will not understand it either. Zinnser is right when he makes his statement about clear thinking making clear writing. It is true that one can not exist without the other. Some suggestions that Zinnser makes are quite simple. You should keep your sentences uncluttered with not too many words. You should also pay close attention to your tenses as not to confuse your reader. You should be very careful about knowing what you want to write about and think it through so that it will make sense. Zinnser states that ?the secret of good writing is to strip every sentence to its cleanest components.? He means one should use simple words and sentences instead of writing a big complicated story. A short, simple sentence will get your point across just as easy as a complex one. You know what you are thinking, so the key is to be able to write it down so that readers will be able to understand, as you want them to. If you can not even think properly about what you want to say, the chances are your reader will not understand what you have written. Keeping your words and thoughts clear and concise should lead you to a good, understandable piece or writing. English Essays

When Average People Experience Hard Times

When Average People Experience Hard Times Free Online Research Papers Winston Churchill once said, â€Å"A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.† Now Churchill would enjoy the following three stories of average men going through tragic accidents and hard times. The three stories are: â€Å"Willing to Pay the Price†, â€Å"Yes, You Can†, and â€Å"The Cowboy’s Story†. These stories prove that people have come out on top in extraordinary circumstances. They faced the odds and never gave up hope. One man went through two tragic accidents which left him in a wheel chair and his body sixty-five percent burned. Another is a country man who moved to a city and became stuck in a dead end job. The final story is about a man who fights for his freedom. â€Å"Willing to Pay the Price† is a great story that anyone could learn from. Le Van Vu always found a way to prosper. He played important roles in whatever he was doing. He found a way to escape from prison. Le even killed five men to return home after being captured by the North. Le and his wife made it through all of their problems together. After all that has happened to him Le still never gave up. â€Å"Yes, You Can† is a good short story. The man was in a motorcycle accident which burned sixty-five percent of his body. Shortly after he was in a plane accident and was paralyzed from the waist down. After all of that, he still became a well respected citizen. He never let his disabilities put him down. Mitchell still lived his life to the fullest. It seemed nothing could hold him down. â€Å"The Cowboy’s Story† Is a compelling story. The cowboy changed his goals that he made. The cowboy made his biggest dreams into reality. He kept a positive attitude and went far in the business world. The cowboy ended up owning half of the company he worked for. The theme was inspiring. It shows that anyone can do what they set their mind to. These men lived their whole life finding opportunities in difficult times, just as Churchill said. Many people go through rough times, but try walking a mile in their shoes. These were stories of getting what was wanted; stories of not letting disabilities get the best of you. There are even stories of just not letting people put you down. These are all tales of people who overcome the odds and proved everyone wrong. They didn’t care what people thought, they just did what they believed. Everyone could learn a valuable lesson from these people. That lesson is do not let anything hold you back. Research Papers on When Average People Experience Hard TimesMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentThe Hockey GameStandardized Testing

Airasia

Yield and profitability would decrease for AirAsia if fuel prices become too high. Overall, although such economic events are unavoidable, the opportunities outweigh the threats, presenting AirAsia opportunities to expand its business: during times of economic downturns, demand for affordable low fares would increase amongst budget-conscious travelers, especially from leisure and corporate travelers. 3. Political/Legal Globalization saw a trend of increased privatization and deregulation of governments across the world, which resulted in the ongoing consolidation of the airline industry.As governments were important drivers of airline success in Asia, most airlines in East and Southeast Asian countries had full or substantial state ownership, management, and control, often subsidized and protected by the governments from competition; with the pursuit of non-business goals, profits were often sacrificed for the sake of national objectives. Privatization and deregulation of governments presented opportunities for new routes and airport deals through open-skies agreements between countries, or the permission of the entry of private airlines, reducing the constraints for international airlines. For instance, in 1997, Malaysia signed an â€Å"open-skies† agreement with the United States; such deregulation present new airlines (i. e. AirAsia) with the opportunity to access domestic routes. Having access to domestic routes could lead to the trial of long haul flights to attain and penetrate an undeveloped market share (i. e. new routes to utilize its new aircraft). However, globalization can also result in global uncertainty (i. e. accidents, terrorist attacks, and disaster), which can affect customer confidence. Once customer confidence is affected, AirAsia would face the threat of losing its profitability, or even bankruptcy.Being a low-cost carrier, AirAsia is subjected to subjected to aviation regulations, government policy and government restraints (i. e. government protection in favor of full-service airlines), and dependent on the geography and infrastructure of Asia, and the travelling preferences of customers. 4. Sociocultural In recent years, rapid economic growth resulted in a burgeoning middle class within Asia’s large population. Together with increased in trade and tourism within and into Asia, demand for air travel increased; more people were willing to compromise on food and other services in exchange for lower prices.The attractiveness of budget airlines is primarily their low ticket prices, which can be as low as 10-20% of those charged by full-service airlines. This presents AirAsia with opportunities to differentiate itself from competitors by adding customer services or operation as full service airline with low fare, giving it a competitive advantage (i. e. provision of in-flight food and drinks, and online sales of hotel, car, and holiday reservations, as well as travel insurance), and corporate travel services, with its own branded credit card; further increasing brand awareness and value for customers.However, if AirAsia is not careful in its implementation to differen tiate itself from competitors, it could incur an (unnecessary) increase in operation cost in producing value-added services. Overall, the social/cultural aspect presents AirAsia with more opportunities than threats, as long as it does not unnecessarily increase operation cost in producing value added services. 5. Technological Global By utilizing information technology, AirAsia was able to the first airline in Southeast Asia utilize e-ticketing and bypass traditional travel agents.This enabled the airline to save on the cost of issuing physical ticket (i. e. estimated at US$10 per ticket), and eliminated the need for large and expensive booking and reservation systems, and agents’ commissions. If not handled properly (i. e. backup systems and maintenance), there would be risk of system disruption due to heavily reliance on online sales. Hence, the technology aspect would pose to be a threat if AirAsia’s systems are not properly backed up and maintained (i. e. contingency plan in the event of a system disruption). 6. Physical EnvironmentThe physical environment segment refer to potential and actual changes in the physical environment and business practice that are intended to positively respond to and deal with those changes. To sustaining the quality of the physical environment Industry Analysis 1. Threat from New Entrants: Low The airline industry requires high capital. The cost of setting up an office, purchasing or leasing aircrafts, hiring pilots and other staffs such as air stewardess and etc incurs a high start-up cost. Hence, the threat of new entrants is low for Air Asia. Strict government regulations.Every potential entrant is required to obtain license and permit before it is allowed to be operated. This is because the airline industry in Malaysia is already highly competitive. As a result, the government needs to protect the interest of its national airline, Malaysia Airlines (MAS), where MAS has been operating on losses a few years back. Apart from offering air transportation service, Air Asia also offers affordable tour packages. Air Asia has been establishing good relations with hotels and tourism companies around Asia, therefore, it is hard for new competitors to compete.Most of Air Asia customers have high brand loyalty towards Air Asia because of its widely known ? one of the low-cost airlines that continues to offer the lowest possible price?. 2. Bargaining Power of Supplier: High Overall, power of supplier is high as there are limited and just availability of suppliers, the switching cost is high (i. e. airplanes and their maintenance are costly), and there are few substitutes for airplanes (i. e. air travel covers longer distances in a shorter period of time). Limited number of aircrafts supplier.There are only two aircrafts supplier companies in the world, which are Air bus and Boeing. Compared to Boeing aircrafts, Airbus aircrafts is the most advanced in technology, hence, Air Asia must rely on the Airbus engineers to do maintenance on the aircrafts and seek advices. 3. Bargaining Power of Buyer: High The internet has allowed customers to have access in aviation market information, mainly, the price of air transportation ticket charged by different airline companies, where price comparison can be made. Low switching cost for customers.Customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them best when purchasing air transportation tickets. As mentioned earlier, customer’s main purpose of using the airline service is to get to their intended destination. Therefore, customers can switch to other airline easily. As there are almost no switching costs for customers switching from one budget airline to another, the bargaining power of buyer is moderately high. Moreover, customers are able to compare prices of budget airline via the Internet, giving them more choices 4. Threat from Substitutes Product/or Services: LowAlthough there are several substitutes (i. e. trains and ships), the geographical structure of Asia has made air travel an efficient, viable, and convenient mode of transportation. Hence, threat from substitutes is moderately low. Compared to other modes of transportation, the archipelago geographical structure of Asia made air transportation the most viable, convenient and efficient mode of transportation. However most of the low-cost airlines only fly domestic routes within the country of origin, while only a few operate international routes connecting nearby countries.Hence, customers will always look for alternatives. The prices of substitutes are about the same with Air Asia. Some of the airlines offers cheaper price to achieve profitable passenger loads. The price offered depends on the time gap between the booking date and flight date. The longer the date, the cheaper the price. If the air transportation tickets are purchased last minute, the price will be about the same with premium airlines such as MAS and Singapore Airlines (SIA). Therefore, in this situation customer would switch to the premium airlines. . Rivalry among Competing Firms: High Intensity of rivalry is moderately high due to the increased competition (with more competitors wanting a part of this growing lucrative market), and high exit cost. Exhibits 8 and 9 provide information on low-cost carries in Asia: from 1 budget airline (Cebu Pacific Air) in 1996 to 16 budget airlines by 2005, the entry of more low-cost airlines dramatically increased competition. AirAsia also faced competition from a broad range of airlines, ground transportation, and sea services.The airline industry offers similar service. Customer’s main purpose of using the airline service is to get to their intended destination. Though Air Asia offers additional services such as hotel booking and tour packages, it is subject to its customers’ choice. An industry with similar products and/or services offered is highly competitive. The airline industry incurs high fixed cost. In order to cover the fixed cost, the airline companies have to gain more market share.As such, constant price reduction is done to compete with others. Hence, the rivalry is strong. Low switching cost for customers. Customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them best when purchasing air transportation tickets. As mentioned earlier, customer’s main purpose of using the airline service is to get to their intended destination. Therefore, customers can switch to other airline easily, which makes the industry so competitive. The airline industry incurs high exit cost.In order for an airline company to exit the industry, it needs to pay its loans and staffs retrenchment as well as refund the flight cancellations, which all incurs high cost. Even making losses, the airline company has to get running to cope with fixed costs. There are approximately 45 low-cost airlines in Asia. Some of the airlines do not compete directly with Air Asia, but they compete indirectly in routes that Air Asia does not fly. Thus, the higher the number of competitors, the fiercer the competition.

Leonardo Davinci aritist or scientist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leonardo Davinci aritist or scientist - Essay Example (Catholic Encyclopedia) Leonardo da Vinci is best described as one of the greatest minds of the Renaissance. He was born in a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. He was a multi-talented artist-scientist who excelled in various fields as painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scholar. "Leonardo was one of the greatest men of science in history, but the world which admired him as an artist did not discover the man of science until many centuries after his death" (Dibner, 380). He was chosen the 13th among the "Immortals of Science" by nearly 1,200 college and university presidents, editors of science periodicals, science editors of the world's great newspapers, and professors of science at scores of universities. (Dibner, 380) Leonardo's fascination with machines probably began during his boyhood. Some of his earliest sketches clearly show how various machine parts worked. As an apprentice in the studio of the artist Verrocchio, Leonardo observed and used a variety of machines. By studying them he gained practical knowledge about their design and structure. (Museum of Science) During the Renaissance, European artists began to study the model of nature more closely and to paint with the goal of greater realism. They learned to create lifelike people and animals, and they became skilled at creating the illusion of depth and distance on flat walls and canvases by using the techniques of linear perspective. (Holmes, 87) In the fifteenth century, Italy was not the unified country we know today; rather it was divided into many small independent states. Naples in the south was ruled by a series of kings. Popes of the Roman Catholic Church ruled the middle section. To the north different families controlled the largest and wealthiest city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice. They fought wars against each other and against smaller neighboring states to increase their power. (Museum of Science) In that time of the renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci trained as a painter, and his amazing power of observation and skill as an illustrator enabled him to notice and recreate the effects he saw in nature. Leonardo was curious and observant, and wrote down and sketched so many of his observations in his notebooks. He was among the very first to take a scientific approach towards understanding of the world. (Museum of Science: Leonardo's Perspective) Leonardo wrote in Italian using a special kind of shorthand that he invented himself. He used "mirror writing", starting at the right side of the page and moving to the left. He did this probably to make it harder for people to read his notes and steal his ideas. Another reason is that he was hiding his scientific ideas from the powerful Roman Catholic Church; and also, writing left handed from left to right was messy because the ink just put down would smear as his hand moved across it; therefore he chose to write in reverse because it prevented smudging. (Museum of Science) As an artist, Leonardo borrowed almost nothing from the past - a few details in a candelabrum in the small "Annunciation" of the Louvre, rare sketches such as the "Dancers" of the Academy of Venice, a warrior's head at London (British Museum). Leonardo, therefore,